ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕವಾಗಿ ಕಂಡುಬರುವ ಹೈಡ್ರೋಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ದ್ರವವು ಭೂಗರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತದೆ.
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಎಂದರೆ ಸರ್ವೇಸಾಧಾರಣವಾಗಿ ಬಾವಿ ಕೊರೆದು ನೆಲದಡಿಯಿಂದ ಪಡೆಯಬೇಕಾಗಿರುವ, ಆದರೆ ವಿರಳವಾಗಿ ಊಟೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇಲ್ಲವೇ ಹೊಂಡಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಸಿಗುವ, ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾಗಿ ಹೈಡ್ರೋಕಾರ್ಬನ್ನುಗಳಿಂದಾದ, ಎಣ್ಣೆಯಂತಿರುವ, ನಿಸರ್ಗಲಭ್ಯ ದಹನಶೀಲ ದ್ರವ. ಭೂಗರ್ಭದಿಂದ ಅನಿಲ, ದ್ರವ ಮತ್ತು ಘನ ರೂಪಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ದೊರೆಯುವ ಹೈಡ್ರೋಕಾರ್ಬನ್ನುಗಳ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯಂಥ ಮಿಶ್ರಣವನ್ನು, ನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸಲು ಈ ಪದವನ್ನು ವ್ಯಾಪಕಾರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುವುದುಂಟು. ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿಗೆ ಕ್ರೂಡ್ ಆಯಿಲ್ ಅಥವಾ ಕಚ್ಚಾ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಎಂದು ಹೆಸರು. ಕಲ್ಲೆಣ್ಣೆ ಎಂದರೂ ಇದೇ. ಕಚ್ಚಾ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನಿಂದ ಹೇಳಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವಂಥ ಉಪಯೋಗವೇನೂ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ, ಸಂಸ್ಕರಣಾನಂತರ ಅದರಿಂದ ಗಚ್ಚೆಣ್ಣೆ (ಕೀಲೆಣ್ಣೆ), ಪ್ಯಾರಾಫಿನ್, ಸೀಮೆಎಣ್ಣೆ, ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲ್ ಮೊದಲಾದವು ಲಭಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ನಾಗರಿಕತೆಯ ತೇರು ಚಾಲೂ ಆಗಲು, ತೇರಿನ ಗಾಲಿಗಳು ನಯವಾಗಿ ತಿರುಗಲು, ತೇರು ಸಾಗಬೇಕಾದ ಹಾದಿ ಸುಗಮ್ಯವಾಗಿರಲು, ನಾಗರಿಕತೆ ಬೆಳಕು ಬೀರಲು, ಮಾತು ಆಡಲು, ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ, ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ವಿವಿಧ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನಗಳು ಅವಶ್ಯಕ. ಸಮಗ್ರವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳುವುದಾದರೆ ಆಧುನಿಕ ಪ್ರಪಂಚ ತೀವ್ರ ಶಕ್ತ್ಯಾಧಾರಿತ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಈ ಶಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಬಹು ಹಂತಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹು ರೂಪಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒದಗಿಸುವ ಆಕರ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್. ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಒಟ್ಟು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿತ ಶಕ್ತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅರ್ಧದಷ್ಟು ಶಕ್ತಿ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನಿಂದಲೇ ಪೂರೈಕೆ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಎಂದ ಬಳಿಕ ಇದರ ಪ್ರಾಮುಖ್ಯ ಉಪಯುಕ್ತತೆ ಅನಿವಾರ್ಯತೆ ಎಷ್ಟು ಎಂಬವು ಮನಗತವಾಗದಿರವು.
1. ಇತಿಹಾಸ
2. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಮೂಲ
3. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣೆ
4. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಘಟನೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಗುಣಧರ್ಮ
5. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವ
6. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಉದ್ಧರಣೆ
7. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಸಂಸ್ಕರಣೆ
8. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನಗಳು
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಹಾಗೂ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾನವ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಕಾಲದಿಂದಲೂ ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತ ಬಂದಿದ್ದಾನೆ ಎಂಬುದು ಗತಸಂಸ್ಕøತಿಗಳ ಅಧ್ಯಯನದಿಂದ ತಿಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ. ಪೂರ್ವ. 380 ವರ್ಷಗಳಷ್ಟು ಹಿಂದೆಯೇ ಯೂಫ್ರೆಟಿಸ್ ಕೊಳ್ಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಳಿದ್ದ ಸುಮೇರಿಯನ್ನರು, ಅಲ್ಲಿ ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಕಲ್ಲು ಮತ್ತು ಕಟ್ಟಿಗೆಗಳ ಅಭಾವವಿದ್ದುದರಿಂದ, ಹಡಗುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲಗೆ ಸಂದುಗಳನ್ನು ಜಲಬಂಧಗೊಳಿಸಲು ಡಾಂಬರಿನಿಂದ ಗಿಟ್ಟ ಹಾಕುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೆಂದು ತಿಳಿದುಬಂದಿದೆ. ಅಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ ರಸ್ತೆಗೆ ಹಾಸಲು ಕೂಡ ಅವರು ಡಾಂಬರನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಪ್ರಾಚೀನ ಗ್ರೀಕರು ಮಮ್ಮಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಡಾಂಬರಿನ ಲೇಪ ಕೊಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರಂತೆ. ಹಳೆ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಮೋಸೆಸನ ತಾಯಿ ಆತನನ್ನು ತೊಟ್ಟಿಲಲ್ಲಿ ಮಲಗಿಸಿ ನೈಲ್ ನದಿಯ ಮಡಿಲಲ್ಲಿ ತೇಲಿಬಿಟ್ಟಳಂತೆ; ಆ ತೊಟ್ಟಿಲಿನ ಒಳಕ್ಕೆ ನೀರು ಜಿನುಗದಂತೆ, ತಡೆಗಟ್ಟಲು ಡಾಂಬರನ್ನು ಹಚ್ಚಲಾಗಿತ್ತಂತೆ. ನೆಬುಚಾಂದ್ನ ಅರಸ ಬ್ಯಾಬಿಲೋನ್ ನಗರದ ಬೀದಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ಕಟ್ಟಡಗಳನ್ನೂ ರಚಿಸಲು ಡಾಂಬರನ್ನು ಉಪಯೋಗಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ. ಆತ ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಿದ ಗುಡಿ ಈಗಲೂ ಸಂಬದ್ಧವಾಗಿ ಉಳಿದಿದೆ. ಅದರ ನೆಲಕ್ಕೆ ಹಾಸಿರುವ ಕಲ್ಲಿನ ಚಪ್ಪಡಿಗಳು ಡಾಂಬರಿನ ಸಂಧಿಲೇಪದಿಂದ ಬಂಧಿತವಾಗಿರುವುದನ್ನು ನೋಡಬಹುದು. ಇರಾಕಿನ ಉರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಇರಾನಿನ ಸುಸಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂಶೋಧನೆ ಮಾಡಿದಾಗ ಆ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಟುಮೆನನ್ನು ಮರಳು ಮತ್ತು ಎಳೆಯಂಥ ಪದಾರ್ಥದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬೆರೆಸಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಕ ನೀರಾವರಿ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ – ಅಂದರೆ ಅಣೆಕಟ್ಟೆ ಕಟ್ಟುವುದು, ಕಾಲುವೆ ತೋಡುವುದು, ಕೆರೆ ಕೊಳಗಳ ಬದಿಗಳನ್ನು ಗಟ್ಟಿ ಮಾಡುವುದು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ-ಗಾರೆಯಂತೆ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದುದು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿದೆ. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನಗಳನ್ನು ಆ ದಿನಗಳಂದು ಯೂಪ್ರೆಟಿಸ್ ನದಿ ದಂಡೆ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಾದ ಹಿಟ್, ಮೆಸಪೋಟೇಮಿಯ ಮತ್ತು ಆಸುಪಾಸುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಲದಿಂದ ಒಸರುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯಂಥ ವಸ್ತುವಿನಿಂದ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಇಂದು ಡೆಡ್ ಸೀ (ಮೃತ ಸಮುದ್ರ) ಎಂಬ ಹೆಸರಿರುವ ಕಡಲಿನ ಅಂದಿನ ಹೆಸರು ಅಸ್ಫಾಲ್ಟಿಕ್ ಸೀ (ಡಾಂಬರ ಕಡಲು). ಅದರ ತಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ರವಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನ ಮುದ್ದೆಯಾಕಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ತೇಲಿಬಂದು ದಂಡೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒತ್ತಿ ಸೇರಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿತ್ತು ಎಂದೇ ಆ ಕಡಲಿಗೆ ಅಂದು ಆ ಹೆಸರು.
ಚೀನ ಮತ್ತು ಬರ್ಮ ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಿ.ಪೂ. 200 ವರ್ಷಗಳಷ್ಟು ಹಿಂದೆಯೇ ಉಪ್ಪು ನೀರಿನ ಬಾವಿಗಳನ್ನು ಅಗೆದು ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಎಣ್ಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಅನಿಲವನ್ನು ಹೊರತೆಗೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ಇಷ್ಟಾದರೂ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನಗಳ ವ್ಯಾಪಕ ಉಪಯೋಗವನ್ನು ದೊರಕಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಮಾನವ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸಿದ್ದು ಕೇವಲ ನೂರೈವತ್ತು ವರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ಈಚಿಗೆ ಮಾತ್ರ. ಮೊದಮೊದಲು ಅಶುದ್ಧ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಎಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನು ಅಂಶಿಕ ಬಾಷ್ಟೀಭವನ ಮಾಡಿ ದೀಪ ಉರಿಸಲು ಬೇಕಾಗುವ ಸೀಮೆಎಣ್ಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ಗಚ್ಚೆಣ್ಣೆಯನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾದ ಈ ಉದ್ಯಮ ಇಂದು ಆಗಾಧವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆದು ದೈತ್ಯ ಮೊತ್ತದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಣವನ್ನು ಪ್ರವರ್ತಿಸಬಲ್ಲ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳಾಗಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳಾಗಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರ ಕೈಗೊಳ್ಳಬಲ್ಲ ಭಾರೀ ಉದ್ಯಮ ಆಗಿದೆ.
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಮೂಲ
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಮೂಲವನ್ನು ಕುರಿತಂತೆ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಆಳವಾದ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ನಡೆಸಿರುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ ಅದು ಮೂಲತಃ ಎಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾಯಿತು ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ ಖಚಿತ ಉತ್ತರ ದೊರೆತಿಲ್ಲ. ಸ್ವತಃ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳಲ್ಲೇ ಭಿನ್ನಾಭಿಪ್ರಾಯ ಇದೆ. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಎರಡು ವಾದಗಳು ಪ್ರಚಲಿತವಾಗಿವೆ: ಮೊದಲನೆಯದು ಅಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದ, ಎರಡನೆಯದು ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದ. ಅಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಕೇವಲ ಅಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಸ್ತುಗಳ ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಿಂದ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾದ ವಸ್ತು. ಯಾವ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಜೀವಿಗಳ ನೆರವು ಈ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗೆ ಬೇಕಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರವಾಗಿ ದೊರೆಯುವ ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ ಮತ್ತು ಕ್ಯಾಲ್ಸಿಯಮ್ಮಿನಂಥ ಕ್ಷಾರೀಯ ಭಸ್ಮ ಲೋಹಗಳು ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಂಯೋಗವಾಗಿ ಲೋಹಗಳ ಕಾರ್ಬೈಡುಗಳನ್ನು ಕೊಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವು ನೀರಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ವರ್ತಿಸಿ ಅಸಿಟಿಲೀನ್ ಅನಿಲವನ್ನು ಹೊಮ್ಮಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಇದು ಮುಂದೆ ಪಾಲಿಮರೀಕರಣಗೊಂಡು (ಪಾಲಿಮರೈಸೇಶನ್) ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಘಟಕಗಳಾದ ಹೈಡ್ರೋಕಾರ್ಬನ್ನುಗಳು ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. 1868ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆರ್ತೋಲೆಟ್ ಎಂಬಾತ ಮಂಡಿಸಿದ ವಾದವಿದು.
ಬೇರೆ ವಾದಗಳೂ ಇವೆ : ಮೋಯಿಸನ್ನನ ವಾದ, ಜ್ವಾಲಾಮುಖಿ ವಾದ, ಕಾಸ್ಮಿಕ್ ವಾದ ಎಂಬುವು ಮುಖ್ಯ. ಅಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದಗಳು. ಆದರೆ ಈ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಅಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದದ ವಿರುದ್ಧವೂ ಆಕ್ಷೇಪಣೆಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿಯನ್ನೇ ಮಾಡಬಹುದು. ಅವುಗಳ ಪೈಕಿ ಅತಿ ಪ್ರಬಲ ಆಕ್ಷೇಪಣೆ ಎಂದರೆ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಘಟಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ಸಂಯುಕ್ತಗಳಿಗೆ ದ್ಯುತಿಪಟುತ್ವವಿರುವುದು. ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಮೂಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೈವಿಕ ವಸ್ತುಗಳ ಪಾತ್ರ ಅನಿವಾರ್ಯವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದವನ್ನು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿ ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದವನ್ನು ಈಚೀಚೆಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು ಪುರಸ್ಕರಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ.
ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ ಪ್ರಾಣಿ ಅಥವಾ ಸಸ್ಯ ಅಥವಾ ಎರಡನ್ನೂ ಒಳಗೊಂಡ ಮೂಲಗಳಿಂದ ಆಗಿದೆ. ಸುಮಾರು 60 ಕೋಟಿ ವರ್ಷಗಳಷ್ಟು ಹಿಂದೆ ತೆಟ್ಟೆ ಸಮುದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಸಮುದ್ರದಿಂದ ಬೇರ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಉಪ್ಪುನೀರಿನ ಹರವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವುಗಳ ದಂಡೆಯಿಂದ ಅನತಿದೂರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದ ಅಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ ಫೊರಾಮಿನಿಫೆರದಂಥ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮಜೀವಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಡೈಆ್ಯಟಮ್ ಹಾಗೂ ನೀಲಿಹಸಿರು ಆಲ್ಗೇಯಂಥ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮದರ್ಶಕೀಯ ಏಕಾಣು ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು, ಅಲ್ಲದೇ ಸಮುದ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ಸರೋವರಗಳಿಗೆ ನದಿಗಳು ತಂದು ಹಾಕಿದ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಮೇಲಿನ ಸಸ್ಯ ಪದಾರ್ಥಗಳು ಒಟ್ಟುಗೂಡಿ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಮೂಲವಸ್ತು ರೂಪಗೊಂಡಿರಬಹುದು. ಈ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಜೀವಿಗಳು ಸತ್ತ ಬಳಿಕ ಅವುಗಳ ಒಡಲುಗಳು ಕಡಲ ತಳದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಸರು ಮಣ್ಣಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹರಡಿಕೊಂಡು ಬಿದ್ದುವು. ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ಕೊಳೆತು ನಾಶವಾಗಬಹುದಿತ್ತು. ಆದರೆ, ಹಾಗಾಗುವ ಮೊದಲೇ ನದಿಯ ನೀರಿನ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಹರಿದು ಬಂದ ನುಣ್ಣನೆಯ ಮಣ್ಣು ಮತ್ತು ರೇವೆ ಮಣ್ಣಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅವು ಮುಚ್ಚಿ ಹೋದುವು. ಹೀಗೆ ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್ ರಹಿತ ವಾತಾವರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಸ್ತು ಹೂಳಿ ಹೋದ ತರುವಾಯ ಹದ ಒತ್ತಡ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾವಕಾಶವಾಗಿ ಜೀವರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಹಾಗೂ ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗಿ ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಸ್ತು ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ ರಚನೆಯ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಘಟಕಗಳಾಗಿ ರೂಪಾಂತರಗೊಂಡಿತು. ವಾಯುವಿನ ಅಭಾವದಲ್ಲಿ ಬದುಕುವ ಅಣುಜೀವಿಗಳು (ಅವಾಯುವಿಕಗಳು) ಜೀವರಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹತ್ತ್ವದ ಪಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ವಹಿಸುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದು ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಗಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸಜಲ ಅಲ್ಯೂಮೀನಿಯಮ್ ಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್, ಅಲ್ಯೂಮೀನಿಯಮ್ ಸಿಲಿಕೇಟ್ ಮತ್ತು ಕಬ್ಬಿಣದ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತಗಳು ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ಕರ್ಷಕಗಳಾಗಿ ಭಾಗವಹಿಸುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದೂ ನಂಬಲಾಗಿದೆ.
ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಾದವನ್ನು ಪುಷ್ಟೀಕರಿಸಲು ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಪುರಾವೆಗಳಿವೆ. ಅವುಗಳ ಪೈಕಿ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದವು ಇವು:
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಘಟನೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಅದರ ಘಟಕಗಳ ಸ್ವರೂಪ ಲಕ್ಷಣ ಮತ್ತು ಜೀವಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತಗಳ ಧಾತುಗಳ ಮೂಲ ರಚನೆ-ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸಾಮ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮುಂದಿನ ಯಾದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದೆ;
ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಸ್ತು ರೂಪಾಂತರ ಹೊಂದಿದಾಗ ಆಕ್ಸಿಜನ್ ಮತ್ತು ನೈಟ್ರೋಜನ್ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗುವ ಇಳಿತ ಇಂಗಾಲ ಮತ್ತು ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗುವ ಏರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿಬಿಂಬಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು.
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಅನೇಕ ಅಮುಖ್ಯ ಘಟಕಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಗಂಧಕ, ರಂಜಕ, ನಿಕೆಲ್, ವೆನೇಡಿಯಮ್ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಧಾತುಗಳಿರುವ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತಗಳುಂಟು. ಇವೇ ಧಾತುಗಳು ಜೀವಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಗಸಿ ಹಾಗೂ ಗಸಿಗಲ್ಲುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಗಿದ ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಸ್ತುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಲ್ಪ ಮೊತ್ತದಲ್ಲಿಯಾದರೂ ಇರುವುದು ಈ ವಾದಕ್ಕಿರುವ ಒಂದು ಮಹತ್ತ್ವದ ಪುರಾವೆ. ಸಸ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇರುವ ಪತ್ರಹರಿತ್ತು (ಕ್ಲೋರೋಫಿಲ್) ಮತ್ತು ಹೀಮ್‍ನಂಥ ಪೋರ್‍ಫಿರೀನುಗಳೂ ಈ ಧಾತುಗಳಿಗೆ ಮೂಲವಾಗಿರಬಹುದು.
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಸಮಸ್ಥಾನೀ ಪ್ರಮಾಣ ಮತ್ತು ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತಗಳಿಗೂ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಹಿಡಿದುಕೊಂಡಿರುವ ಮೃದುಗಲ್ಲಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತಗಳಿಗೂ ಇರುವ ಪ್ರಮಾಣ ಒಂದೇ ಆಗಿದೆ.
ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಸ್ತುವನ್ನು ಪ್ರೋಟೀನುಗಳು, ಶರ್ಕರಗಳು, ನಾರುಗಳು, ವರ್ಣದ್ರವ್ಯಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಎಣ್ಣೆಗಳು ಎಂದು ವರ್ಗೀಕರಿಸಬಹುದು. ಸಸ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿರುವ ನಾರುಗಳನ್ನು ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಉಳಿದವು ಸಸ್ಯ ಹಾಗೂ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳೆರಡರಲ್ಲೂ ಇವೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ ಈ ಐದೂ ವರ್ಗಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಸಿದ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತಗಳಿಂದಲೇ ಆಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇವುಗಳ ಪೈಕಿ ಅತಿ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾದದ್ದು ಎಣ್ಣೆಗಳು, ನಾರುಗಳೂ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಮೂಲವಾಗಿರಬಹುದು ಎಂಬ ನಂಬಿಕೆ ಉಂಟು. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಗೆ ಶರ್ಕರಗಳ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಲ್ಲ. ಪ್ರೋಟೀನುಗಳ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ಇನ್ನೂ ಕಡಿಮೆ. ವರ್ಣದ್ರವ್ಯಗಳು ಅಮುಖ್ಯವಾದ ಆದರೆ ಗುರುತಿಸಬಹುದಾದಂಥ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಘಟಕಗಳಿಗೆ ಮೂಲಗಳು ಎಂದು ಕಂಡುಬಂದಿವೆ.
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣೆ
ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ಮೂಲದಿಂದ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ ಆಗುವುದು ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ನಂಬಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೂ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳಾಗಲಿ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳಾಗಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ಜೀವಿತ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದನ್ನು ಉತ್ಟಾದಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಯಾ ಸಂಶ್ಲೇಷಿಸುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿ ಆಗಬೇಕಾದರೆ ಮೊದಲು ಕಾರ್ಬನಿಕ ವಸ್ತುವಿನ ಶೇಖರಣೆ ಆಗಿ ಅನಂತರ ಎಷ್ಟೋ ಶತಮಾನಗಳ ಕಾಲ ನಡೆಯುವ ಭೌತ ಹಾಗೂ ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಬದಲಾವಣೆಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಅದರ ವಿಕಾಸ ಆಗಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಈಗ ನಾವು ನೋಡುವ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲು ಇರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಸಮುದ್ರದ ಪುಟ್ಟ ಜೀವಿಗಳ ಮೃತ ದೇಹದಿಂದ ಉತ್ಪನ್ನವಾದ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಆ ದೇಹಗಳ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಹನಿಗಳ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲು ಸಮುದ್ರ ತಳದ ಕೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವಾಯಿತು. ಅನಂತರ ಅದರ ಮೇಲಿನ ನೀರಿನ ಭಾಗದಿಂದಲೂ ಒಂದೇ ಸಮನೆ ನದಿಗಳಿಂದ ಬಂದು ಬೀಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಹೊಸ ಪದಾರ್ಥಗಳ ಭಾರದಿಂದಲೂ ಈ ಕೆಸರು ಒತ್ತಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು ಹಿಚುಕಿದಂತಾಗಿ ಮೃದುಗಲ್ಲಿನಂತಾಯಿತು. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಉಳ್ಳ ಈ ಮೃದುಗಲ್ಲಿನ ಮೇಲೆ ಅನಂತರ ಮರಳು ಹಾಗೂ ರೇವೆ ಮಣ್ಣು ಬಂದು ಬಿದ್ದು ಅನೇಕ ಮೀಟರುಗಳ ಸ್ತರಗಳಾಗಿ ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಇವು ಬಿರುಸುಗೊಂಡು ಮರಳುಗಲ್ಲಾಗಿ ರೂಪಾಂತರ ಹೊಂದಿದುವು. ಮೃದುಗಲ್ಲಿನ ಮೇಲೆ ಭಾರ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾದಂತೆ ಅದು ಅದುಮಿದಂತಾಗಿ ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಹುದುಗಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಹೊರಬಿದ್ದು ಪಕ್ಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮೇಲ್ಗಡೆ ಇರುವ ಮರಳುಗಲ್ಲಿನ ರಂಧ್ರ ಹಾಗೂ ಬಿರುಕುಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಕ್ಕು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಒತ್ತಡ ಇರುವಲ್ಲಿ ಸೇರಿಕೊಂಡಿತು.
ಈ ಚಲನೆ ಬಲು ನಿಧಾನವಾಗಿದ್ದು ಇದೇ ಅವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ ಹನಿಗಳು ಒಂದಕ್ಕೊಂದು ಕೂಡಿಕೊಂಡು ದೊಡ್ಡ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಹನಿಗಳಾಗಿ ಸುತ್ತಲಿದ್ದ ಉಪ್ಪುನೀರಿನಿಂದ ಬೇರ್ಪಟ್ಟು ಅದರ ಮೇಲೆ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಸ್ತರ ಶೇಖರವಾಯಿತು. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಈ ಚಲನೆಗೆ ತಡೆ ಬರದೇ ಇದ್ದಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಚಲಿಸುತ್ತ ಕೊನೆಗೆ ವಿಶಾಲವಾದ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹರಡಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಭವನ ಹೊಂದಿ ವಾತಾವರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆರೆತು ಹೋಗಬಹುದಾಗಿತ್ತು. ಕೆಲವು ವೇಳೆ ಅದು ಹೀಗೆ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಗಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ನಾಶವಾದದ್ದೂ ಉಂಟು. ಆದರೆ ಭೂಮಿಯ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ರಚನೆಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಈ ರೀತಿ ಆಗದೇ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಬಹಳ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಗಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಣ್ಣ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕೃತವಾಗಿ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಒಳಗೆ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಕೊಳಗಳ ಹಾಗೂ ಕೆರೆಗಳ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಹೇಗೆ ಆಯಿತು ಎಂಬುದು ಈಗ ನಮ್ಮ ಮುಂದಿರುವ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ.
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಕೊಳ ಅಥವಾ ಕೆರೆ ಅಂದರೆ ಅದು ನಿಜವಾದ ಅರ್ಥದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆರೆ ಕೊಳವೆಂದಲ್ಲ-ಸ್ಪಂಜಿನಲ್ಲಿ ನೀರಿದ್ದಂತೆ. ಯುಕ್ತವಾದ ಶಿಲಾ ರಂಧ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಬಿರುಕುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ತುಂಬಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ರೀತಿ ದ್ರವಗಳನ್ನು ಹಿಡಿದಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಳ್ಳಬಲ್ಲಂಥವು ಪಾರಶೀಲ ಶಿಲೆಗಳು. ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ತರಹದ ಶಿಲೆಗಳೂ ಉಂಟು.
ಅವುಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ದ್ರವವಾಗಲಿ ಅನಿಲವಾಗಲಿ ಹರಿಯಲಾರವು.
ಇಂಥವು ಪಾರಶೂನ್ಯ ಅಥವಾ ನಿಷ್ಟಾರಶೀಲ ಶಿಲೆಗಳು. ಪಾರಶೂನ್ಯ ಶಿಲೆಗಳು ಒಂದು ತರಹ ಕಠಿಣ ಸುಣ್ಣದ ಶಿಲೆಗಳು. ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಒತ್ತಡಕ್ಕೊಳಗಾದ ಉಪ್ಪು ಸಹ ಪಾರಶೂನ್ಯ ಶಿಲೆಯಂತೆ ವರ್ತಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಬಹುತೇಕ ಎಲ್ಲ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಕೊಳಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾರಶೀಲ ಶಿಲೆಯ ನೇರ ಮೇಲೆ ಪಾರಶೂನ್ಯ ಶಿಲೆಯ ಸ್ತರ ಇರುವುದನ್ನು ಭೂಗರ್ಭಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಜ್ಞರು ಪತ್ತೆ ಹಚ್ಚಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಇದು ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಕೊಳಕ್ಕೆ ಮೊಹರಿನಂತೆ ವರ್ತಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಎಂದ ಮೇಲೆ ಬಹುಶಃ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ತೆಳುವಾದ ಅಗಲವಾದ ಪದರದಂತೆ ಪಾರಶೀಲ ಹಾಗೂ ಪಾರಶೂನ್ಯ ಶಿಲೆಗಳ ಪದರದ ನಡುವೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿ ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಇತ್ತ ಅದು ಪಾರಶೂನ್ಯ ಶಿಲೆಯನ್ನು ಭೇದಿಸಿ ಮೇಲೆಯೂ ಹೋಗದಾಯಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಕೆಳಗಿನಿಂದ ಉಪ್ಪು ನೀರು ಒತ್ತುತ್ತಿದ್ದರಿಂದ ಕೆಳಗೂ ಹೋಗದಾಯಿತು. ಇದು ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಕೊಳದ ರಚನೆಯ ಮೊದಲ ಘಟ್ಟ.
ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ಮಿನ ಸ್ತರಗಳಾಗಲಿ ಪಾರಶೂನ್ಯ ಶಿಲೆಗಳ ಸ್ತರಗಳಾಗಲಿ ಚಿತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ತೋರಿಸಿರುವಂತೆ ಚಪ್ಪಟೆಯಾಗಿಯೇ ಉಳಿಯಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಭೂಮಿಯ ದೀರ್ಘ ಇತಿಹಾಸದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗಾಗ್ಗೆ ಪರ್ವತಗಳ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ತೀವ್ರ ಚಲನವಲನಗಳು ಸಂಭವಿಸಿ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಮೇಲ್ಮೈಯನ್ನು ಸಮುದ್ರದ ತಳದಲ್ಲಿದ್ದ ಮರಳುಗಲ್ಲಿನ ಹಾಗೂ ಸುಣ್ಣದ ಶಿಲೆಯ ಸ್ತರಗಳನ್ನೂ ಅಸ್ತವ್ಯಸ್ತಗೊಳಿಸಿದುವು. ಪಕ್ಕದಿಂದ ಹಾಗೂ ಕೆಳಗಿನಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಅಧಿಕ ಒತ್ತಡದ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಈ ಸ್ತರಗಳು ಭಾರೀ ತೆಕ್ಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮಡಿಕೆಗಳಂತೆ ಎದ್ದುವು. ಕೆಲವು ಸಾರಿ ಸಮುದ್ರ ಮಟ್ಟಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮೇಲೆನವರೆಗೆ ಎತ್ತಲ್ಪಟ್ಟು ಹೊಸ ಭೂ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣವಾಯಿತು. ಈ ಅದ್ಭುತ ಶೋಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಗ್ರಶಿಲೆ ಅದರ ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಉಪ್ಪು ನೀರು ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳ ಮಧ್ಯೆ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಈ ಮೂರೂ ಸ್ತರಗಳು ಒಟ್ಟೊಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕಮಾನಿನಂತೆ ಡುಬರಿಯಾಗಿಯೊ ಇಲ್ಲವೇ ಹೊಂಡದಂತೆ ತಗ್ಗಾಗಿಯೊ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಡಾದುವು. ಆಗ ಹೊಂಡದ ಪಾಶ್ರ್ವದಿಂದ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಹರಿದು ಶೇಖರಗೊಂಡಿತು. ಪಕ್ಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಡುಬರಿಗಳಿದ್ದಾಗಂತೂ ಇನ್ನೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಸಂಗ್ರಹವಾಯಿತು.
ಒಮ್ಮೊಮ್ಮೆ ಅಗ್ರಶಿಲೆ ಒತ್ತಡದ ಭಾರದಿಂದ ಸೀಳಿ ಅಥವಾ ಡುಬರಿಗಳಾಗಿದ್ದ ಪರ್ವತಗಳು ಮಳೆ ಗಾಳಿ ಬಿಸಿಲಿನಿಂದ ಸವೆದು ಹೋದಾಗ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿಯಮ್ ಜಿನಗುಟ್ಟಿ ಬಾಷ್ಪಶೀಲ ಘಟಕಗಳು ಆವಿಯಾಗಿ ಹೋಗಿ ಬಿಟ್ಯುಮೆನ್ ಅಥವಾ ಪಿಚ್ ಉಳಿಯುತ್ತಿದುದಿತ್ತು.
ದೊಡ್ಡ ಮೊತ್ತದಲ್ಲಿ ಇದು ಸಂಗ್ರಹವಾದಾಗ ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಪಿಚ್ ಸರೋವರ ಎಂದೂ ಕರೆಯುವುದುಂಟು. ಭೂಮಿಯ ಅನೇಕ ಭಾಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ತರಹದ ಪಿಚ್ ಸರೋವರಗಳನ್ನು ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಕಾಣಬಹುದು. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ವೆನಿಜ್ವೇಲ, ಲೈನಿದಾದಗಳಲ್ಲಿ.
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